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A poem is a created work that uses language to express ideas that are meaningful and memorable. Several broad types of poems that have been used throughout history include the epic poem, lyrical poems, dramatic poems,and the various familiar fixed forms such as ballads and sonnets.

Epic Poems

The oldest poetic form is the epic, sometimes called the heroic poem. An epic poem is a long narrative that concentrates on heroic deeds and events that are significant to a particular culture. Mythology is often expressed in the form of an epic poem. Many epics existed in oral form only and have not survived.

Examples of epic poems that have survived in written form include “Gilgamesh,” which was recorded about 2000 B.C. on clay tablets. Much of Greek mythology was recorded as epic poems by numerous authors, including Homer’s “Iliad” and his “Odyssey.” Virgil’s “Aeneid” and Ovid’s “Metamorphoses” are famous epics which cover Roman mythology. Written during the medieval period, “Beowulf” relates numerous Anglo-Saxon legends. More recent examples of popular epic poems include Dante’s “The Divine Comedy,” John Milton’s “Paradise Lost,” Lord Byron’s “Don Juan,” Longfellow’s “The Song of Hiawatha,” and Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass.”

Characteristics of an epic poem include an imposing, significant hero; a vast setting; courageous, even superhuman actions; supernatural forces, such as demons or gods; and an objective point of view surveying the whole story.

Lyrical Poems

Lyric poetry originally referred to the Greek practice of delivering verse to the accompaniment of the lyre. A lyric poem generally is a short poem, often expressing personal deep feelings, having a musical quality that might be set to music and performed to an audience.

Some familiar lyric poets include the Greeks, Sappho and Pindar, and the Romans, Catullus and Horace. During the middle ages the Persian Omar Khayyam wrote memorable lyric verses. During later centuries John Donne, Ben Jonson, John Milton, Robert Burns, Goethe, and Schiller were famous for their lyric poems. The 19th and 20th centuries were filled with lyric poets. Some of the most familiar include Wordsworth, Keats, Byron, Shelley, Tennyson, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, and Robert Frost.

Lyric poems typically depend on rhythm and rhyme. Rhythm is often called meter and is composed of several feet or beats. Two syllable feet and three syllable feet are the most common, and a lyric verse normally has a small number of lines, each divided into a recognizable pattern of feet. A verse may contain a definite rhyme pattern or may be left without rhyme and called blank verse.

Dramatic Poems

Dramatic poetry is meant to be spoken or sung to an audience. It derives from theatrical drama and is generally written in the form of a dialogue or a monologue.

Examples of dramatic poetry can be found in Greek tragedies, Indian drama, Chinese opera, and Japanese Noh theatre.

Fixed Forms

Sonnets, ballads, odes, elegies, epigrams, limericks, and haiku are popular fixed forms of poetry. Each form follows a definite model.

The most famous sonnets are those of Shakespeare, also called English sonnets. English sonnets are 14 lines in length and consist of 3 quatrains (four lines) and a couplet (two lines). The rhyme pattern is generally characterized by abab, cdcd, efef, gg. Shakespeare’s lines employ an iambic pentameter rhythm, five two-syllable feet.

Another popular sonnet form is the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet, named after Francesco Petrarch. This form also has 14 lines broken into an 8 line octave with a rhyme pattern of abbaabba and a 6 line sestet with a rhyme pattern of xyzxyz.

Sonnets are often written about love and affection and employ skillful imagery. Their length allows the poet to create complications in the body of the sonnet and then to resolve the conflicts in the closing lines.

A ballad is a form of verse meant to be sung or recited and usually presents a dramatic or exciting episode from real life.

The traditional ballad form includes four lines per stanza and, often, a refrain. The four lines in each ballad verse consist of four two-syllable feet in the first and third lines and three two-syllable feet in the second and fourth lines. The rhyme pattern is often abab.

An ode is generally a lengthy lyric poem with a serious subject matter, and elevated style, and an elaborate structure. One form is modeled after the Roman poet, Horatio, and uses uniform stanzas and a regular rhythm pattern. The stanzas are often divided into three sections. The first section describes the scene or situation. The second section presents the problem, and the third section presents an insight, a vision, a decision, or a revelation.

Elegies are a form of lyric poetry used for mourning a death, reflecting on something sorrowful, or considering something strange or mysterious. Many elegies are set to music. Some paintings are also titled as elegies.

Epigrams are usually short poems ending with a twist or a clever, witty point. In the Greek tradition they were inscribed on statues or sanctuaries. In the Roman tradition the epigram became a witty gift given to entertain a patron or a loved one, and not something to be inscribed. In the English tradition the epigram became a witty rhymed couplet with Coleridge, Pope, Dryden, and even Benjamin Franklin becoming its master.

Limericks are funny poems often containing hyperbole, puns, and idioms. The last line of the limerick is usually the punch line, a witty conclusion. The form of the limerick consists of five lines, three rhyming each other, and the remaining two lines also rhyming. The rhyme pattern is aabba with lines 1, 2, and 5 containing three two-syllable feet and lines 3 and 4 containing two two-syllable feet.

Haiku is a form of traditional Japanese poetry. Haiku is a 17-syllable verse form which consists of three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables. The traditional subject of a haiku is a revealing moment in nature that is conveyed directly to the reader without judgment. One or two words indicate the season of the year to which the Haiku relates. The traditional Haiku is considered complete in itself and is not titled.

Conclusion

There are a few other identifiable poetic forms in addition to the ones listed above. Certainly, there will be additional forms invented by insightful poets in the future. Understanding and appreciating the many different forms of poetry will help the reader to more greatly appreciate the creative work of the poet.

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I’m not the avid reader that I should be. Don’t get me wrong. I like a good story. Actually, I love a really good story but I just don’t have the time to commit to a book. Literature is a real passion of mine but ironically, I have no time to crack open a text. However, I found the perfect solution in a Pride and Prejudice audio book.

This classic Jane Austen tale should have been under my literary belt years and years ago. I was about to read the novel when I was in college but I fell ill and had to leave the campus before I could commit to the text. Now that it’s years later, I finally have taken in the story through the Pride and Prejudice audio book.

You may be wondering why on earth I don’t have time to read. Actually, that’s pretty much all that I do at work. By the time I get home from a day of editing and proofreading, I’m beat. The last thing I want to do is look at another page of print. This is where my passion falls to the wayside.

However, I have rekindled my love affair for the all time classic novels. My newest adventure is the Pride and Prejudice audio book. I can relax with a nice glass of wine and listen to the beautiful story unfold. The process is quite different from reading and it is entirely different from watching a film.

The Pride and Prejudice audio book has afforded me a viable way to unwind while hearing all 61 magnificent chapters of this story without demanding any more time dedicated to reading text. These classic stories are extremely important and they should be enjoyed whatever way we can enjoy them.

I also find that my teenage niece is pretty interested in the Jane Austen tale. She likes the idea of borrowing the Pride and Prejudice audio book for her long ride to her college campus. Funny how these things come full circle. I once lost an opportunity to read the novel when I was about her age. Now I’m providing her a means to get a head start by hearing the story while driving to school.

Since the experience with the Pride and Prejudice audio book has been so wonderful; I am going to take on some more classics in the near future. Once I retire from editing I will probably crack open another text. Until then, I’m absorbing the novels thorough my ears.

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Create killer reviews that sell books and bring authors streaming to your door, requesting more reviews. You can have the audience in your hand, if you know how to drive readers. The solution is in the format. Learn how to drive readers to the bookstore in droves to read the books you write about.
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The audio books are the new medium of infotainment which can be carried anywhere without any hassles. These portable systems come with earpieces and battery to offer maximum satisfaction to the users.
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The MP3 books are very useful entertainment medium these days. They are a good means of infotainment. People can carry these books anywhere and everywhere without any hassles and gather required knowledge at ease.
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Listen to a sample of Dark Prince

Synopsis:

Mikhail Dubrinsky is the prince of his people, the Carpathians. But they are dying out, there are few women and the men are either falling prey to vampires or are choosing the soulless life. Losing all hope, Mikhail is no longer sure he can bear the bleak future laid before him. The only thing that can add light to his life, can relieve the terrible haunting loneliness, is to find a life mate. But he has given up believing one exists. As the beast rages inside, threatening to consume him, he vents his centuries-old despair in an anguished cry that fills the waning night…and then, incredulously, a life saving voice answers him.

Raven Whitney has a rare gift, she not only can read minds, but she can communicate telepathically. But her talent is not always a gift. Her job is to track the twisted mental paths of serial killers, and those evil thoughts drain her both mentally and physically. Now, she is hoping to heal and comes seeking a quiet escape in the Carpathian Mountains, but when she mentally hears the anguished cry at dawn, she can not ignore it…unaware that her life is about to change forever.

Narrated by Juanita Parker, this audio book is extremely good. Juanita reads extremely well and it is very enjoyable to listen to.

Overall play time is 12.5 Hrs.

Format:  12 Tapes, 11 CD’S, 1 MP3 CD

Buy Dark Prince Audio Book

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I adore Stephanie Laurens’ books. I own all of her books and avidly look forward to her next books. The "Truth About Love" is set in Regency England and focusses on Gerrard Debbington, an English Gentleman who is also a renowned Artist, and Jacqueline Tregonning, the daughter of an English Peer.

The "Truth About Love" does not disappoint as a Stephanie Laurens novel and I highly recommend both the Novel and the Audio Book to those fans of Historical Romances.

The Audio Book is well read, appropriately by an English narrator. The Audio Book is an abridged version of the story, but still runs for approximately 6 hours. The abridgement is hardly noticed.

I rate this Audio Book as 8.5 / 10.

For more information on Stephanie Laurens, see www.stephanielaurens.com

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